Maurizio Geri is an international consultant with almost 20 years of experience in research and activism on peace, democratization, human rights, defense and security. He is an independent advisor on peace and security in MED, MENA and Africa while also doing consultancy work on Strategic Foresight for the Center of Defense Innovation in Italy. He previously worked as a strategic analyst for the NATO Allied Command Transformation in the US and for the NATO Strategic Direction South-Hub and worked with a number of think tanks, including the Carter Center, Nonviolence International, and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He is a fellow at the Center for Media and Peace Initiative, analyst at EGIC and sometimes writes for Difesa Online, OSSMED and his blog. He authored the 2018 Palgrave book “Ethnic Minorities in Democratizing Muslim Countries: Turkey and Indonesia.” 

 

Abstract

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The transatlantic, Mediterranean and West Asia and North Africa (WANA) regions’ security is deeply and increasingly interrelated, today probably more than at any point in the history of the North Atlantic Alliance. The security situations of Europe and WANA have very similar risks and challenges, from terrorism to climate change, from migration to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats. Furthermore, the regions are more and more interconnected through movements of people, goods, money, weapons, drugs and now also viruses. The problems originating in the Southern neighborhood of the Alliance, which includes indirectly the entire African continent, are much more complex and long term than those in the Eastern region, which require mostly deterrence and defense from Russia. Following this analysis, the aim of this paper is to propose NATO a new strategy for the “South”, learning from past lessons, to maintain peace and stability in the “North” in the next decades.

 

Introduction

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is passing now from a phase of transition, facing a more uncertain world, also demonstrated by the recent pandemic. The NATO Secretary-General has appointed a group of experts to advise on how to better adapt the Alliance to new environments. NATO 2030 is a process inside the Alliance that could bring about a new strategic concept.[1] Finding an agreement on a new strategy in an alliance based on consensus decision making will not be easy, but it is a path worth taking. Considering the risk of division among NATO members on various issues regarding the Mediterranean and West Asia and North Africa (WANA),[2] particularly the differences between France, Italy, Greece and Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean, a new, clear and efficient strategy for NATO’s Southern periphery seems to be the most fundamental step for the future of the Alliance.

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At the security level, together with the era of radical Islamist terrorism threats and militant-criminal groups creating proto-states like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the WANA region recently entered a new era of proxy wars, with increased competition between world and regional powers coming to the area to fight in other countries’ civil wars.[3] Furthermore, at the political level, after the failure of the so-called Arab Spring and reinforcement of authoritarian regimes, the region is now passing from the failure of regional institutions—from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to the Arab League, unable to deal with disastrous situations like Syria, Yemen or Libya—and the prioritization of national interests and power politics. Finally, at the socio-economic level, after the refugee crisis, temporarily stopped by an agreement between Turkey and the European Union (EU), the region's human security issues are being exacerbated by constant economic stagnation, further aggravated by the pandemic, and a new migration crisis with massive movements from Africa that will impact regional stability in the next decades.

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The African continent is, in fact, projected to reach 4.5 billion people by the end of the 21st century, with the largest population growth in human history, counting a fertility rate of 4.5 children, compared to other continents stabilized on an average of 2.[4] At the same time, global warming will produce ever-increasing desertification and scarcity of resources, primarily water and food, with rising threat of natural disasters and more pandemics in Africa. Finally, competition between major powers in the region for energy and spheres of influence is in a new phase of the “scramble for Africa” ​​with modern means, mainly economic, but in some parts, such as Libya, Sahel and the Horn of Africa, also military.[5]

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Therefore, the role of NATO and other regional and international organizations will be crucial for the stabilization of the WANA area and Africa in general in the coming years. NATO will need to support both in helping to manage emergencies and in preventing possible risks of escalating conflicts with two of its core tasks, crisis management and cooperative security. This paper concentrates on the cooperative security pillar, leaving the crisis management one to another future discussion. Cooperative security until now has been focusing on reaction to security issues and protection from threats. However, in the long term, it should start working on the root causes of instability, from institutional reinforcement of the security sector and good governance to tackle the security-development nexus, to the social resilience of populations that will face many obstacles in the near future, as demonstrated by the current situation in relatively stable countries like Lebanon.

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Nevertheless, to enhance its role in the region in the future, NATO will first have to gain local trust through confidence-building measures to mitigate the negative perception of the Alliance. To do that means to form partnerships based on a “two-way street process” with a focus on consultations and teaming up with its partners. This will also include strengthening NATO’s commitment to involving civil society to better understand future problems and possible solutions, listening to the needs of the populations in addition to those of the states. All this will create an opportunity to reform and update NATO's existing partnership frameworks: the Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) and the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI).

 

Why Updating MD/ICI Programs

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The partnership between NATO and its Southern neighborhood began more than 25 years ago. Despite the political changes and intrastate conflicts in recent years, which have increased the instability of the WANA region, NATO’s partnerships have proven to be resilient, but not adaptable enough to the speed of change in the region. All institutions and international agreements need to evolve to survive, they need to keep up with new environments and challenges, and NATO partnership programs did not do that very well. NATO needs an urgent update of its partnership programs, not just as a gradual improvement as is usually done, but as a new “strategy” to generate a real impact on the region’s stability, with much more investments and broader, clearer and more reachable objectives.

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NATO set up two frameworks of cooperation to develop political dialogue and practical cooperation with its partners in the Mediterranean and the Gulf regions. The Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) was launched in 1994 and currently consists of seven members: Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia.[6] The Dialogue is based on bilateral agreements that are renewed every couple of years called Individual Partnership and Cooperation Programs (IPCPs), grounded on a “Partnership Cooperation Menu,” comprising approximately 1,400 activities accessible to all NATO partners.[7] The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) was established in 2004 and includes four Gulf countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[8] Similarly to MD, the ICI is based on regular partnership activities for political and military dialogue. The key principles of the Mediterranean Dialogue/Istanbul Cooperation Initiative are: tailored and demand-driven cooperation, local ownership, self-differentiation and non-discrimination as well as complementarity with other international efforts. They include several lines of effort in areas of common interest, notably cooperation in education and training (e.g. exercises), interoperability, crisis management/prevention and public diplomacy, and improved coordination with other international organizations. Military education and training are therefore the cornerstones of NATO regional partnership policy.

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Also, following the issuance of two strategic documents about the South in 2017 and 2018, the Framework for the South[9] and the Package for the South[10], NATO opened two centers dedicated to the South, the NATO Strategic Direction-South Hub (NSD-S Hub) in Naples and the NATO-ICI Regional Center in Kuwait. The Hub in Naples aims to enhance a comprehensive understanding of the region, with more situational awareness and information sharing.[11] Another vital role of the Hub is to improve NATO's image with confidence-building measures, engaging with civil society actors from the South to listen to their needs and visions for the future. The NATO-ICI Center in Kuwait is more dedicated to military training. More than 1,000 participants from Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Oman have benefitted from its training activities, mostly in 2018/2019.[12] Additionally, the NATO Defense College in Rome has been contributing to the training of partner countries with dedicated courses for many years.[13] However, those centers need to be better known beyond the community of insiders and military experts so that the civil societies of NATO members and the partner countries can ultimately appreciate them as well. This would be very useful to build the trust that, as said, is the first step toward a new strategy with the South. Nevertheless, to achieve that, it would be fundamental to include more civilians than military staff, particularly for the first two aforementioned centers, to reflect the Alliance's politico-military character. Despite the predominant perception of NATO as a military organization, it relies on political action as much as, if not more than, on military action, and its staff comprises both civilian and military personnel. 

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All this shows NATO’s engagement with the South, however looking at the results, it is apparent that it has not yet reached the goal of supporting and projecting stability in the region. The problem is that the goal is too vague. Does anyone in NATO agree on a specific definition of stability? Furthermore, who and how should provide stability? In theory, NATO would have identified clear strategic ends, or mid- to long-term objectives, for the southern region and then depending on the available means it would identify ways to achieve them. In reality, there are no defined ends and  no specific strategy yet.

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Several think tanks have already pointed out the lack of a clear strategy of NATO for the South and there seems to be a momentum for a change. The Atlantic Council published a report last year arguing, for example, that ‘going forward, NATO needs a more strategic vision of what it wants to accomplish in the Mediterranean and its broader southern neighborhood.’[14] The German Marshall Fund of the United States said two years ago, in a publication dedicated to the Mediterranean Dialogue, that ‘NATO lacks an overall strategy and a set of concepts to deal with the multifaceted challenges in the south.’[15] Also, a recent NATO Defense College publication on the South stated that ‘Disengaging is clearly not an option and NATO must continue to [...] follow what is happening on the other side of the Mediterranean.’[16]

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Therefore, today there seems to be an urgent need for a comprehensive NATO strategy for the South to reach the decided goals. This paper proposes some recommendations to improve the ways NATO deals with the South to increase the impact of the stabilization processes in the area.

 

Recommendations for the Next Decades

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First, in the long term, NATO should prepare a “regional strategy”, meaning a regional multilateral approach to the security issues of the South. To do that, NATO will need to move from bilateral agreements in MD/ICI programs, such as the IPCPs, to multilateral ones. This would multiply the impact of the programs, making them more efficient. Moreover, it would improve regional cooperation among partners. NATO could in this way actively support the integration of existing regional bodies in cooperative security, such as the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the Horn of Africa, or the G5 Sahel Alliance. It could also encourage the creation of new ones, for example, a North African-Sahel future “Interpol” for border control, which is already quite challenging to do at the national level in the Sahara desert.

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Second, NATO could divide the Mediterranean Dialogue in two programs: African Dialogue and Levant Dialogue because the two areas have different interests and needs.[17] The former should include besides the current North African countries (re Algeria, Egypt, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia) also countries of the Sahel that are currently part of the G5 Sahel, particularly Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Chad, and in the future even Sub-Saharan countries, to strengthen partnership with countries whose internal situation will increasingly affect the security situation in the Mediterranean. The latter Dialogue should include not only Jordan and Israel but also other countries of the Levant, first of all Lebanon, which is now at risk of failing and turning into another proxy war, and Iraq, where NATO already has a Training Mission. It is important to remember that Syria and Iran possess substantial WMD and missile arsenals capable of reaching European targets. So, while threats from the African continent are more related to terrorism, human trafficking etc, requiring crisis management and cooperative security pillars, the threats coming from the Levant can also include Article 5 deterrence and defense security pillar. The ICI program should also be expanded to include the other two GCC countries, Saudi Arabia and Oman.

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Third, NATO could nominate a special representative, like in the past for the Caucasus, and establish new regional centers, as the one in Kuwait for ICI, for example, the MD in North Africa could be in Morocco or Tunisia. NATO could also support creation of new Crisis Management centers, in addition to the one in Mauritania[18]; expand the Partnership Training and Education Centers (PTECs)[19], which are now only in Egypt and Jordan; or even open Centers of Excellence[20] that are now only in NATO member states in WANA partner countries. This would have a multiplier effect not only on security, but also on local politics and economies, and increase the local advocacy for future new strategies of NATO partnership to project stability.

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Fourth, NATO could concentrate partnership efforts on specific areas, emphasizing clear priorities, like counterterrorism and counterinsurgency training, border control and cybersecurity, Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Defense Institution Building (DIB) programs, human security and biosecurity. Additionally, NATO could enhance its multi-domain nature and allied responses in the maritime domain, particularly in preparation for the future migration waves, to include for example maritime interdiction to tackle human trafficking like the Sea Guardian operation.

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Fifth, NATO could expand its Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme. For example, NATO recently launched a new project to support the development of Mauritania’s operational capabilities and emergency management in public health and civil protection, bringing together expertise from Romania, Mauritania and France. The project PROMEDEUS will improve coordination between the Mauritanian Civil Protection, health emergency system and participating authorities, impacting the broader Sahel region.[21] This type of a project should be the norm in the future.

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Sixth, NATO should focus more on human security that will become increasingly important for the Alliance alongside traditional national security.[22] Operations related to human security would help not only the level of security, with a political, economic and social impact, but it would also improve NATO's reputation and endorsement in Africa, which is crucial for a broader strategy for the Southern region. Securing or destroying mines and other dangerous weapons, as done by NATO in the past in Egypt and Mauritania, could be a good example.[23]

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Finally, NATO could organize a strategic communication plan for this new regional approach and strategy to improve the image and trust of NATO and make it sustainable and efficient. The activities and achievements of the partnership programs are still often too little known outside expert circles.

 

Cooperation with Other Actors

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If NATO wants to have a real strategy for the Southern region it has to collaborate more with other international organizations, especially the AU, the EU and the UN.

NATO has committed to expanding cooperation with AU as early as 2016 and is gradually expanding it.[24] However, there is a space for improvement, particularly by cooperating with Regional Economic Communities that also deal with security, as it is starting to do with the IGAD, and then engaging more with the G5 Sahel, with which it already has begun interacting.[25] The latter, in fact, has economic and security development roles with the G5 Joint Force that the EU is already supporting with training and funds.[26] The EU Training Mission Mali supports, for example, its operationalization. Stronger cooperation means first of all a collaboration in the security sector capacity building, the first tool of a cooperative security partnership.

 

NATO-EU cooperation also goes in the direction of an integrated and complementary strengthening of defense and security capacity efforts with partner countries. At the political level, NATO and the EU often sign joint declarations, like the last one in 2018.[27] However, at the strategical, tactical and operational level, they currently do not operate together on a grand scale, apart from some theaters like Afghanistan, where the EU Police contributes to the NATO Rule of Law mission, and Iraq, where the EU works in the civil security sector while NATO works in the defense sector.[28]

 

The EU and NATO also worked together in the past in Africa, for example, on the anti-piracy Operation Ocean Shield in Somalia, and in Darfur. Moreover, the EU is strongly present today in the Sahel with the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) missions in Mali and Niger to develop joint civil-military programs for the regionalization of the CSDP actions. [29]Therefore, NATO should soon also step up its support for the EU missions in Africa and in the Mediterranean.[30] In a recent article I wrote for example about the necessity for the EU-NATO cooperation on the Libyan arms embargo controlled by the EU IRINI mission, as was done in the past between the EU Operation Sophia and NATO Sea Guardian or between European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and NATO.[31] NATO could also collaborate with the EU in DDR processes on disarmament and demobilization, while at the same time supporting the EU in reintegrating ex-combatants in local security forces.

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Regarding the UN, besides the joint declarations, the practical cooperation with NATO includes, in theory, many areas, from crisis assessment and management, civil-military cooperation, training and education, tackling corruption in the defence sector, mine action, mitigating the threat posed by improvised explosive devices, promoting the role of women in peace and security, the protection of civilians etc.[32] However, in practice, again, much more could be done. In particular, if we look at how NATO already engages with specific UN offices like UN Office on Drugs and Crime, UN Development Program, UN Mine and Action Service, among others.

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In summary, the AU, EU, UN, regional groups and NATO could play a much more concurrent and, at the same time, complementary role in stabilization processes in the South.

 

Conclusion

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NATO needs to look at the future with a foresight vision to understand the trends of the Southern region in the next decades and act consequently. Based on these trends, NATO should develop a coherent strategy based on clearly specified ends, ways and means. The path must start soon and one of the first steps is to reform and upgrade the current partnership programs, as explained in this short paper.

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However, the problem for NATO is, as usual, political will and cohesion. NATO Allies do not share the same positions and the same worries in the WANA region, in particular with Turkey sometimes having opposite positions with respect to the EU members. At the same time, NATO partners lack a shared vision to support a regional approach to partnership. Therefore, it is vital that some NATO members soon take the lead to start a debate to stimulate a common vision among members and partners to deal with complex, accelerating and convergent security issues in the region in the future. If not the United States, then it could be some Mediterranean members, perhaps France or Italy or both. The crisis following the pandemic and the current escalation in Libya, as well as the tragic situation of post-conflict Syria and Iraq, should make NATO aware that to “wait and see” is not a good strategy. NATO 2030 should generate a new strategic concept that makes the Mediterranean and WANA region the priority region for the Alliance. The East will always remain the giant of the world between Russia, China and, in the future, also India. However, the South is going to become a giant very soon, and without a clear strategy, it will impact Europe much more than NATO expects.

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Notes

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[1] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO2030,” NATO, July 8, 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/176155.htm.

 

[2] Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an ethnocentric European term, while West Asia and North Africa (WANA) is a more correct geographical term.

 

[3] From the geopolitical perspective, the problems of fragmentation and competition continue in WANA. Therefore, besides stabilization, NATO’s role could be important to foster regional integration among its partners.

 

[4] Jack A. Goldstone, “Africa 2050: Demographic Truth and Consequences,” Hoover Institution, Governance In An Emerging New World, no. 119 (January 14, 2019).

 

[5] The Economist, “The New Scramble for Africa,” March 7, 2019, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/07/the-new-scramble-for-africa.

 

[6] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Mediterranean Dialogue,” NATO, February 22, 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_60021.htm?.

 

[7] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Partnership Tools,” NATO, June 24, 2016, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_80925.htm.

 

[8] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI),” NATO, December 5, 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_58787.htm.

 

[9] “Press Conference by NATO Secretary General,” NATO, February 15, 2017, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_141109.htm.

 

[10] “Brussels Summit Declaration,” NATO, July 11, 2018, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_156624.htm.

 

[11] NATO Strategic Direction-South Hub, “NSD-S HUB Mission,” NSD-S HUB, n.d. accessed August 10, 2020, https://thesouthernhub.org/about-us/mission. 

 

[12] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO and Kuwait Move Their Long-Standing Partnership Forward,” NATO, November 14, 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_170820.htm.

 

[13] NATO Defense College, “Courses,” NDC, October 6, 2016, http://www.ndc.nato.int/education/courses.php?icode=0.

 

[14] Alexander R. Vershbow and Lauren M. Speranza, “MORE IN THE MED: How NATO Can Refocus Its Efforts in the South and Italy Can Lead the Charge” (Atlantic Council, October 2019), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/more-in-the-med-how-nato-can-refocus-its-efforts-in-the-south-and-italy-can-lead-the-charge/.

 

[15] Lesser Ian et al., “The Future of NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue” (The German Marshall Fund of the United States, June 2018), https://www.gmfus.org/publications/future-natos-mediterranean-dialogue.

 

[16] Chloé Berger, “Projecting Stability to the South: NATO’s Other Challenge” (NATO Defense College, May 2020), http://www.ndc.nato.int/news/news.php?icode=1436.

 

[17] NATO should also understand that North African countries are increasing their integration in the African continent and at the same time reducing their Arab identity. It is a long process but must be considered to identify the differences between the MD in North Africa, connected also to the AU partnership, and the MD in the Levant to tailor the Alliance dialogue to the regional and local issues.

 

[18] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Mauritania Opens New National Crisis Management Centre,” NATO, November 15, 2016, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_137690.htm.

 

[19] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Partnership Training and Education Centres,” NATO, n.d., accessed August 10, 2020, https://www.act.nato.int/ptecs.

 

[20] NATO Allied Command Transformation, “Centres of Excellence,” NATO's ACT, n.d., accessed August 10, 2020, https://www.act.nato.int/centres-of-excellence.

 

[21] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO's Science for Peace and Security Programme Supports Mauritania to Deal with Crisis Management,” NATO, July 13, 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_177179.htm?selectedLocale=en.

 

[22] Lindsay Coombs, “Strengthening the Role of Human Security in NATO Operations” (Carnegie Europe, November 28, 2019), https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/11/28/strengthening-role-of-human-security-in-nato-operations-pub-80442.

 

[23] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Egyptian Desert: New Technologies for Landmine Detection,” NATO, April 3, 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/news_108818.htm?selectedLocale=en; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO Sponsors Project to Help Reduce Terrorism Risk in Mauritania,” NATO, September 12, 2012, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_89658.htm.

 

[24] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Cooperation with the African Union,” NATO, November 13, 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8191.htm; Allied Joint Force Command Naples Public Affairs Office, “JFC Naples Strengthens Bonds with African Union,” Allied Joint Force Command Naples, April 2, 2019, https://jfcnaples.nato.int/newsroom/news/2019/jfc-naples-strengthens-bonds-with-african-union-.

 

[25] NATO Strategic Direction South Hub and Mesfin Gebremichael, “Geopolitical Dynamics in the Horn of Africa and Mechanisms for Collaboration between NATO and IGAD Countries” (NATO Strategic Direction South Hub, November 2019), https://thesouthernhub.org/publications/nsds-hub-publications/geopolitical-dynamics-in-the-horn-of-africa-and-mechanisms-for-collaboration-between-nato-and-igad-countries; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “First Visit to Mauritania by Chairman of the NATO Military Committee,” NATO, June 12, 2018, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_155080.htm.

 

[26] “Sahel: EU takes further steps to better support the security of the region,” Council of the EU, February 18, 2019, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2019/02/18/sahel-eu-takes-further-steps-to-better-support-the-security-of-the-region/.

 

[27] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO and EU Leaders Sign Joint Declaration,” NATO, July 10, 2018, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_156759.htm?selectedLocale=en.

 

[28] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Relations with the European Union,” NATO, July 31, 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49217.htm.

 

[29] “Sahel: EU takes further steps to better support the security of the region,” Council of the EU.

 

[30] European Union External Action Strategic Communications, “Military and Civilian Missions and Operations,” EEAS, March 5, 2019, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/430/military-and-civilian-missions-and-operations_en.

 

[31] Maurizio Geri, “IRINI: Why an EU-NATO Cooperation Is Urgent for Libyan Peace and Why Turkey Should Accept It,” Euro-Gulf Information Centre, August 5, 2020, https://www.egic.info/irini-eu-nato-cooperation-is-urgent.

 

[32] North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “Relations with the United Nations,” NATO, February 15, 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50321.htm.

 

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​

———. “NATO and Kuwait Move Their Long-Standing Partnership Forward.” NATO, November 14, 2019. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_170820.htm.

​

———. “NATO Sponsors Project to Help Reduce Terrorism Risk in Mauritania.” NATO September 12 2012. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_89658.htm.

 

———. “NATO2030.” NATO, July 8, 2020. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/176155.htm.

 

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———. “Partnership Tools.” NATO, June 24, 2016. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_80925.htm.

 

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